The Thermal Bottleneck

If the first law of thermodynamics says you can't win, then the Second Law of Thermodynamics says you can't even break even. The First Law is essentially a statement of conservation of energy and asserts that you can't get more energy out of a heat engine than you put in. But the Second Law says that no heat engine can use all the heat produced by a fuel to do work. The Carnot cycle sets the ideal efficiency which can be obtained if there is no friction, mechanical losses, leakage, etc., but real machine efficiencies are much less.

Index

Second law concepts

Heat engine concepts
 
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Qualitative Statements: Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics is a profound principle of nature which affects the way energy can be used. There are several approaches to stating this principle qualitatively. Here are some approaches to giving the basic sense of the principle.

1. Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.Further
discussion
2. Any system which is free of external influences becomes more disordered with time. This disorder can be expressed in terms of the quantity called entropy. Further
discussion
3. You cannot create a heat engine which extracts heat and converts it all to useful work. Further
discussion
4. There is a thermal bottleneck which constrains devices which convert stored energy to heat and then use the heat to accomplish work. For a given mechanical efficiency of the devices, a machine which includes the conversion to heat as one of the steps will be inherently less efficient than one which is purely mechanical. Further
discussion
Alternative statements: Second Law of Thermodynamics
Index

Second law concepts

Heat engine concepts
 
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